Achieving Sustainable Development Goals 2 of Food Security and Zero Hunger in Nigeria Through Land Remediation
Abstract
The study was carried out to analyze the cost of remediation of arable crops farmland from sand mining in Ondo State, Nigeria to ensure availability of land for farming. This will enhance the achievement of SDGs 2 of food security and zero hunger. A total of 120 respondents using multistage sampling technique were sampled. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, soil analysis and Net Present Value (NPV). The study showed that there is a severe nutrient depletion of the physical and chemical properties of farmland due to sand mining activities. The study further revealed that arable crop farmers are losing money by giving out their farmland to the sand miners in the study area. From the study, it will cost N2,586,000 ($1,668.39) to remediate an hectare of farmland that has been mined by sand miner for at least two years. The result of the NPV revealed that in the long run, the arable crop farmers who continue with their arable crop farming for five years will make N12,377,023 ($7,985.18) while their counterpart who lease their farmland to sand miners will only earn N7,245,240 ($4,674.35). The study therefore recommends that agricultural land owners should stop leasing out their land to sand miners in the study area. Government and other stakeholders should aim to regulate the activities of sand miners and assist the arable crop farmers to diversify their income especially during off season farming
Keywords:
Sustainable development goals 2, Sand mining, Food security, Soil analysis, Net present valueReferences
- [1] Tripathi, I. M., Mahto, S. S., Bhagat, C., Modi, A., Jain, V., & Mohapatra, P. K. (2025). A review of river sand mining: Methods, impacts, and implications. Next research, 2(1), 100149. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nexres.2025.100149
- [2] McGill University. (2021). Global sand and gravel extraction conflicts with half of UN sustainable development goals. https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2021/08/210827133754.htm
- [3] Zeeshan, M. (2024). How big is the construction industry worldwide? https://alsyedconstruction.com/how-big-is-the-construction-industry-worldwide/
- [4] Zambrano-Medina, Y. G., Avila-Aceves, E., Perez-Aguilar, L. Y., Monjardin-Armenta, S. A., Plata-Rocha, W., Franco-Ochoa, C., & Chávez-Martinez, O. (2024). The impact of climate change on crop productivity and adaptation and mitigation strategies in agriculture. In Transforming agricultural management for a sustainable future: Climate change and machine learning perspectives, (pp. 1–20). Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-63430-7_1
- [5] Guillamón, M. D., Rios, A. M., & Benito, B. (2025). Understanding the factors influencing SDG achievement across nations: A comprehensive study. Sustainable development, 33(4), 5336–5350. https://doi.org/10.1002/sd.3405
- [6] Torres, A., Jouffray, J. B., Van Lancker, V., Vander Velpen, A., & Liu, J. (2025). Reducing sand mining’s growing toll on marine biodiversity. One earth, 8(2), 101202. https://www.cell.com/one-earth/abstract/S2590-3322(25)00028-4
- [7] Bendixen, M., Noorbhai, N., Zhou, J., Iversen, L. L., & Huang, K. (2023). Drivers and effects of construction-sand mining in Sub-Saharan Africa. The extractive industries and society, 16, 101364. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.exis.2023.101364
- [8] Aduda, L., & Bolf, L. (2024). The conflict potential of sand: Illegal sand mining on the African continent. Environment and security, 2(4), 548–567. https://doi.org/10.1177/27538796241230583
- [9] Sonna, O. H., Evelyn, U., Edewor, A. J., & Chuks, A. F. (2022). Sand mining: Economic gains, environmental ethics, and policy implications. Sustainable development, 5(2), 119–138. https://www.doi.org/10.52589/AJESD_OJMI5DWD
- [10] Ofunim-Omoruyi, B. J., Akande, J. M., & Olaleye, B. M. (2017). Evaluation of the effects of sand and laterite excavation in selected open pits in Ondo State, Nigeria. International journal of scientific & engineering research, 8(10), 540–549.
- [11] Oladeji, S. O., Awolala, D. O., & Alabi, O. I. (2022). Evaluation of sustainable ecotourism practices in oke-idanre hills, Ondo-state, Nigeria. Environment, development and sustainability, 24(2), 2656–2684. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-021-01550-6
- [12] Nnabuko, J. O. (2022). Public relations strategies and the performance of national population commission census exercises in Nigeria. publisher 10(3), 2321–1784. https://ijmr.net.in/current/2022/March,-2022/bWqIZOgDY3wG468.pdf
- [13] Thompson, J. A., Kienast-Brown, S., D’Avello, T., Philippe, J., & Brungard, C. (2020). Soils2026 and digital soil mapping-A foundation for the future of soils information in the United States. Geoderma regional, 22, e00294. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geodrs.2020.e00294
- [14] Potdar, R. P., Shirolkar, M. M., Verma, A. J., More, P. S., & Kulkarni, A. (2021). Determination of soil nutrients (NPK) using optical methods: A mini review. Journal of plant nutrition, 44(12), 1826–1839. https://doi.org/10.1080/01904167.2021.1884702
- [15] Chen, X. (2022). Theoretical analysis of net present value. Business Continuity Plan BCP bus. manag, 30, 683–686. https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/0b99/d2d2ca458d4add46b67194457c46d012a38f.pdf
- [16] Liu, J., Fang, Y., Wang, G., Liu, B., & Wang, R. (2023). The aging of farmers and its challenges for labor-intensive agriculture in China: A perspective on farmland transfer plans for farmers’ retirement. Journal of rural studies, 100, 103013. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrurstud.2023.103013
- [17] Odey, G. O., Adegbite, M. A., Denkyira, S. A., Alhaj, S. M., & Lucero-Prisno III, D. E. (2022). Women and food security in Africa: The double burden in addressing gender equality and environmental sustainability. In Advances in food security and sustainability (pp. 35–59). Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.af2s.2022.07.001
- [18] Branan, R. A. (2023). Keeping farmland in farming: Lease considerations for landowners and farmers. https://cals.ncsu.edu/agricultural-and-resource-economics/wp-content/uploads/sites/46/2024/06
- [19] Damachi, F. A., Ogah, A. T., Moh’d, A. (2023). Effect of sand mining in Calabar, cross River state, Nigeria. African scholar journal of built environment & geological research, 24(4), 31-46. https://www.africanscholarpublications.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/05/AJBEGR_Vol24_No4_March_2022-3.pdf
- [20] Charles, D.(2025). Farmers are abandoning their land. Is that good for nature? https://www.npr.org/2025/01/03/nx-s1-5246186/farmers-are-abandoning-their-land-is-that-good-for-nature
- [21] Pound, B. (2017). Farming-related livelihoods. In Agricultural systems (pp. 73–91). Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-802070-8.00003-7
- [22] Touch, V., Tan, D. K. Y., Cook, B. R., Li Liu, D., Cross, R., Tran, T. A., Cowie, A. (2024). Smallholder farmers’ challenges and opportunities: Implications for agricultural production, environment and food security. Journal of environmental management, 370, 122536. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2024.122536
- [23] Dhillon, R., & Moncur, Q. (2023). Small-scale farming: A review of challenges and potential opportunities offered by technological advancements. Sustainability, 15(21), 15478. https://doi.org/10.3390/su152115478
- [24] Loss, A., Couto, R. da R., Brunetto, G., Veiga, M. da, Toselli, M., & Baldi, E. (2019). Animal manure as fertilizer: Changes in soil attributes, productivity and food composition. International journal of research granthaalayah, 7(9), 307. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3475563
- [25] Rentier, E. S., & Cammeraat, L. H. (2022). The environmental impacts of river sand mining. Science of the total environment, 838, 155877. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.155877
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2025 Transactions on Quantitative Finance and Beyond

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
